Manual Database and Computerized Database, Advantages and disadvantages

 MANUAL DATABASE Vs. COMPUTERIZED DATABASE:-

Manual Database:-

1. Manual database is a record keeping systems in which human being manage the whole database without the support of computers. 
2. A manual database is like a filing cabinet , and is very slow .
3. In a manual database system, information must be typically found by hand rather than  electronically. Someone looking for information in a manual database may have to spend hours searching for a particular piece of data, which is a very time consuming job. 
4. Less reliable.
5. Manual database system has slow processing speed . It take a lot of time to perform various database operations like sorting , insertion , deltion and searching .
6. Manual datadase systems can be very complex and inaccurate .
7. More prone to data loss and data duplicity.
8. Difficult to modify or update anual database .

Computerized Database:- 

1. Computerized database is a database that can be managed or accessed by computers.
2. A computerized database is store in computer , and very fast organizing information .
3.  A computerized database will typically allow users to search the entire database for specific information in seconds.
4. More reliable than manual database system .
5. Computerized database system has very fast processing .
6. Computcrized database more accurate and easy to process .
7. Less prone to data loss and data duplicity .
8.  Computerizcd database can be eaily modificd .

APPROACHES TO DATA MANAGEMENT:-

                                                   With the advancements in computer technology, there was a nced to computeTIE he manual way of storing the data in database. Two approachcs uscd for data tIanapenCHl through computers are:-

1. File System Approach
2. Database Approach  

1. File System Approach :- 

                                            File system approach was an early attempt to computerize the manual filing system. t is basically a collection of application programs that performed services for the end users. ach program within a file based system defines and manages its own data. In this system, a large number of files are needed to perform various tasks. For example: In sales department of an enterprise, one user will be maintaining the details of how many sales personnel are there in the sales department and their grades, these details will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Another user will be maintaining the salesperson salary details working in the concern, the detailed salary report will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Although both of the users are interested in the data's of the salespersons they will be having their details in separate files and they need different programs to manipulate their files. This will lead to wastage of space and redundancy or replication of data's, which may lead to confusion, sharing of data among various users is not possible, data inconsistency may occur.

2. Database Approach:-

                                      In order to remove all the above limitations of the File system approach, a new approacn was required that must be more effective. So, the concept of database was introduced. This approach is known as database approach. A database is a computer based record record and maintains keeping system whose over all purpose is information. The database is a single, large repository of data, whicn can be used simultaneously by many departments and users. With the database instead of disconnected files with approach redundant data, all data items are integrated with minimum amount of duplication and maintained only at one location .

Characteristics of File System Approach:-

                                                            Some important characteristics of file system approach are: 

1. It is a group of files storing data of an organization .
2. Each file is independent from one another .
3. Each file is called a flat file . 
4.  Each file contained and processed information for one specific task, such as accounting or inventory.
5. Files are designed by using programs written in programming languages such as C++ . 

Characteristics of Database Approach:-

                                                            A database approach possesses the following characteristics:-

1. It is central repository of shared data. It allows several uscrs to access the database i d also take concurrently. 
2.  A fundamental feature of the database approach is that the database system does not only contain the data but also the complete definition and description of these data These descriptions are basically details about the extent, the structure, the type and the format of all data and, additionally, the relationship between the data. This kind of stored data is called metadata ("data about data"). 
3.  A Drimary feature of the database approach is a standardized, uniform approach to same data are ng in differen the same data is recorded database access. This means that the same overall procedures are used by all application programs to retrieve data and information.
4.  Data should be corTect with respect to the real world entity that they represent. 
5.  Data should be protected from unauthorized access.
6.  Its organization is such that duplication of data is minimized.
7. Data in a database exist permanently until it is not explicitly deleted.